14.06.2024 Statistika: Statistics and Economy Journal - No. 2/2024

Statistika, 104(2): 119–134
https://doi.org/10.54694/stat.2023.45

Abstract
Recently, the European labour market has witnessed a shift in work structures, notably with self-employed individuals without employees. Many of these individuals are performing self-employment involuntarily, aiming for stable full-time employment. Due to insufficient income, instability, limited career prospects, and inadequate access to social protection, they are dissatisfied with their self-employed status. This dissatisfaction could potentially affect their overall job satisfaction and performance. The goal of this study, conducted on the basis of original primary survey among self-employed persons in Slovakia in 2022, is to explore the motivations influencing self-employment. Specifically, the research aims to examine the initial driving factors behind self-employment among 306 individuals, categorized into 194 traditional independent selfemployed and 112 economically dependent self-employed persons. Results indicate that among economically dependent self-employed persons, necessity-driven motives prevail, particularly necessity to enter family business, job loss, and employer-induced self-employment. For traditional independent self-employed persons, opportunity-driven motives predominate, notably pursuit of better working conditions, desire for independence, and efforts to earn more.

Keywords
Self-employment, traditional independent self-employed persons, economically dependent self-employed persons, business motivation, opportunity-driven self-employment, necessity-driven self-employment

Statistika, 104(2): 135–162
https://doi.org/10.54694/stat.2024.7

Abstract
This paper focuses on the examination of the long-run relationship between money supply and selected national and global stock indices. Detailed knowledge of this relationship can be used by analysts, investors and monetary policy makers. Analysis of the relationship was performed using a 2-stage Engle-Granger cointegration. First, the stationarity of the time series was tested, then both the long-term OLS model and the short-term EC model were estimated. Time series were always tested on the longest period for which data were available. The longterm dependence of stock indices on the respective M2 was confirmed for the BOVESPA, FTSE100, S&P/BMV IPC, S&P BSE500, TSX and The 5000 Wilshire Small Cap Price Return indices. In contrast, the dependence between world money supply indicator GlobalM2, the stock index FTSEALL World, and the S&P500 index was not demonstrated. Additionally, no dependence was identified between the respective M2 and the DAX, PX, Nikkei225, KOSPI, SMI, SPCITIC300, Eurostoxx50, Willshire5000PR and ATX indices. Backward dependence of M2 on the stock index was found only for the Chinese SPCITIC300 index.

Keywords
Money supply, stock index, interest rate, Engle-Granger test, EC model

Statistika, 104(2): 163–184
https://doi.org/10.54694/stat.2023.54

Abstract
The predominance of bank credit in financing the economies of less developed countries is prompting policymakers to stimulate this mode of financing. This study tests the ability of conventional monetary policy to stimulate the supply of bank credit to the private sector in Morocco. Based on the lending channel as a theoretical framework, an analytical framework to explore the conduct of monetary policy and the preconditions for the functioning of this channel was developed. In addition, a test of the impact of monetary policy on credit supply was conducted using bank-level data from a representative sample of the Moroccan banking sector.
The results show that demand factors and the quality of potential borrowers are the main drivers of bank credit growth. They also show that monetary policy in Morocco directly affects credit growth. However, no evidence that this impact is mediated through credit supply was provided, indicating that the credit channel is not operational in Morocco. The policy implications of these results are discussed.

Keywords
Monetary policy, lending channel, bank credit, Morocco

Statistika, 104(2): 185–202
https://doi.org/10.54694/stat.2024.3

Abstract
Despite the economic and societal benefits of digitalisation and digital transformation, it is necessary to map country's digital conditions and identify the digital divide to formulate an effective strategy. The digital divide should be measured periodically to monitor progress and determine continuous improvement. This paper identifies the current digital divide among provinces in Indonesia. The study uses the hierarchical agglomerative clustering method based on The Indonesian Digital Society Index data from the Ministry of Communication and Informatics. It also analyses some key factors of the digital divide based on data from the Indonesian Bureau of Statistics using the multiple linear regression model. The results show three types of the digital divide across Indonesian provinces related to access, usage, and outcomes of information and communication technology. Gross Regional Domestic Product per capita, Wage/Salary, Proportion of Formal Labor, and Size of the Working-Age Population are identified as factors significantly affecting the digital divide.

Keywords
Digital transformation, digital divide, hierarchical clustering, linear regression model

Statistika, 104(2): 203–211
https://doi.org/10.54694/stat.2023.18

Abstract
Green Bonds are fixed-income securities specifically designed to support climate and environmental projects. The demand for the green bond market is growing every day. Green Bonds are gaining importance as they appeal to environmentally conscious investors and are financial instruments that provide economic benefits. The main motivation of this study is to determine whether energy consumption has an effect on green bond issuance. In this context, the relationship between the green bond issuance amounts of 12 countries, including Australia, Canada, China, France, Germany, Japan, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Sweden, England and the United States, in the years 2014–2021 and the amount of energy consumption in the same period are analysed by panel data analysis. The findings show that there is a significant relationship between coal, peat and oil shale, oil products, natural gas, renewables and waste, electricity and total energy consumption. In the expected direction there is a linear relationship between sustainable energy resources and the green bond issuance.

Keywords
Green bond issue, energy consumption, panel data analysis

Statistika, 104(2): 212–228
https://doi.org/10.54694/stat.2024.2

Abstract
This research investigates the spatial correlation among per capita electricity consumption, per capita industrial electricity consumption, and economic growth by employing various regression models, including linear regression, geographically weighted regression, and multi-stage geographically weighted regression. The primary goal is to illustrate the presence of spatial effects in the connection between electricity consumption and economic growth. In this context, this study made for Turkey distinguishes itself from previous research by utilizing the multi-stage spatially weighted regression model to examine this relationship. The findings reveal that the multi-scale spatial regression model is the most effective in explaining the relation between economic growth at the provincial level and per capita electricity consumption and per capita industrial electricity consumption. Moreover, the study emphasizes that per capita Gross Domestic Product emerges as the most influential regional economic indicator when assessing its impact on per capita electricity consumption and per capita industrial electricity consumption.

Keywords
Geographically weighted regression, multi-scale geographically weighted regression, spatial analysis

Statistika, 104(2): 229–242
https://doi.org/10.54694/stat.2023.43

Abstract
EU-SILC is a survey focused mainly on mapping income and living conditions of households. In the Czech Republic, the survey has been conducted annualy since 2005 under the name “Životní podmínky” (Living Conditions). Each year, approximately 10 thousand households are surveyed – around one quarter of these households for the first time, while the rest repeatedly as part of the four-year rotating panel. As the EU-SILC has a uniform methodology for all participating countries, the results for the Czech Republic can be compared with other European countries or with the EU average. The Living Conditions survey was introduced in the context of the Czech Republic´s integration into the EU. However, similar surveys focused on households and their current living situation have been conducted regularly in the former Czechoslovakia since 1956. This article focuses primarily on methodology of SILC, but also offers a brief overview of the living conditions surveys in former Czechoslovakia and in present-day Czech Republic.

Keywords
EU-SILC, living conditions, household income, household survey, income poverty